How do I get an empty list of any size in Python?

If by "array" you actually mean a Python list, you can use

a = [0] * 10

or

a = [None] * 10

You can't do exactly what you want in Python (if I read you correctly). You need to put values in for each element of the list (or as you called it, array).

But, try this:

a = [0 for x in range(N)]  # N = size of list you want
a[i] = 5  # as long as i < N, you're okay

For lists of other types, use something besides 0. None is often a good choice as well.

You can use numpy:

import numpy as np

Example from Empty Array:

np.empty([2, 2])
array([[ -9.74499359e+001,   6.69583040e-309],
       [  2.13182611e-314,   3.06959433e-309]])  

also you can extend that with extend method of list.

a= []
a.extend([None]*10)
a.extend([None]*20)

Just declare the list and append each element. For ex:

a = []
a.append('first item')
a.append('second item')

If you (or other searchers of this question) were actually interested in creating a contiguous array to fill with integers, consider bytearray and memoryivew:

# cast() is available starting Python 3.3
size = 10**6 
ints = memoryview(bytearray(size)).cast('i') 

ints.contiguous, ints.itemsize, ints.shape
# (True, 4, (250000,))

ints[0]
# 0

ints[0] = 16
ints[0]
# 16

x=[]
for i in range(0,5):
    x.append(i)
    print(x[i])

It is also possible to create an empty array with a certain size:

array = [[] for _ in range(n)] # n equal to your desired size
array[0].append(5) # it appends 5 to an empty list, then array[0] is [5]

if you define it as array = [] * n then if you modify one item, all are changed the same way, because of its mutability.

If you actually want a C-style array

import array
a = array.array('i', x * [0])
a[3] = 5
try:
   [5] = 'a'
except TypeError:
   print('integers only allowed')

Note that there's no concept of un-initialized variable in python. A variable is a name that is bound to a value, so that value must have something. In the example above the array is initialized with zeros.

However, this is uncommon in python, unless you actually need it for low-level stuff. In most cases, you are better-off using an empty list or empty numpy array, as other answers suggest.

The (I think only) way to assign "random slots" is to use a dictionary, e.g.:

 a = {}     # initialize empty dictionary
 a[4] = 1   # define the entry for index 4 to be equal to 1
 a['French','red'] = 'rouge'  # the entry for index (French,red) is "rouge".

This can be handy for "quick hacks", and the lookup overhead is irrelevant if you don't have intensive access to the array's elements. Otherwise, it will be more efficient to work with pre-allocated (e.g., numpy) arrays of fixed size, which you can create with a = np.empty(10) (for an non-initialized vector of length 10) or a = np.zeros([5,5]) for a 5x5 matrix initialized with zeros).

Remark: in your C example, you also have to allocate the array (your int a[x];) before assigning a (not so) "random slot" (namely, integer index between 0 and x-1).

References:

The dict datatype: https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#mapping-types-dict

Function np.empty(): https://numpy.org/doc/stable/reference/generated/numpy.empty.html