Is it possible to declare a variable in Python, like so?:
var
so that it initialized to None? It seems like Python allows this, but as soon as you access it, it crashes. Is this possible? If not, why?
EDIT: I want to do this for cases like this:
value
for index in sequence:
if value == None and conditionMet:
value = index
break
Related Questions
Why can a function modify some arguments as perceived by the caller, but not others?
Python Variable Declaration
See Also
Python Names and Values
Other languages have "variables"
Why not just do this:
var = None
Python is dynamic, so you don't need to declare things; they exist automatically in the first scope where they're assigned. So, all you need is a regular old assignment statement as above.
This is nice, because you'll never end up with an uninitialized variable. But be careful -- this doesn't mean that you won't end up with incorrectly initialized variables. If you init something to None
, make sure that's what you really want, and assign something more meaningful if you can.
In Python 3.6+ you could use Variable Annotations for this:
https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0526/#abstract
PEP 484 introduced type hints, a.k.a. type annotations. While its main focus was function annotations, it also introduced the notion of type comments to annotate variables:
# 'captain' is a string (Note: initial value is a problem)
captain = ... # type: str
PEP 526 aims at adding syntax to Python for annotating the types of variables (including class variables and instance variables), instead of expressing them through comments:
captain: str # Note: no initial value!
It seems to be more directly in line with what you were asking "Is it possible only to declare a variable without assigning any value in Python?"
Note: The Python runtime does not enforce function and variable type annotations. They can be used by third party tools such as type checkers, IDEs, linters, etc.
captain
before assigning a value will cause the same NameError
as it would have otherwise. On the other hand, the code also does not impose any restriction on what can be assigned. Code like captain: str
, while valid in 3.6 and up, has no effect in Python itself; it is only potentially used by third-party type-checking tools.
I'd heartily recommend that you read Other languages have "variables" (I added it as a related link) – in two minutes you'll know that Python has "names", not "variables".
val = None
# ...
if val is None:
val = any_object
val = val or any_object
to initialize it.
is
to test whether a value is None
.
I'm not sure what you're trying to do. Python is a very dynamic language; you don't usually need to declare variables until you're actually going to assign to or use them. I think what you want to do is just
foo = None
which will assign the value None
to the variable foo
.
EDIT: What you really seem to want to do is just this:
#note how I don't do *anything* with value here
#we can just start using it right inside the loop
for index in sequence:
if conditionMet:
value = index
break
try:
doSomething(value)
except NameError:
print "Didn't find anything"
It's a little difficult to tell if that's really the right style to use from such a short code example, but it is a more "Pythonic" way to work.
EDIT: below is comment by JFS (posted here to show the code)
Unrelated to the OP's question but the above code can be rewritten as:
for item in sequence:
if some_condition(item):
found = True
break
else: # no break or len(sequence) == 0
found = False
if found:
do_something(item)
NOTE: if some_condition()
raises an exception then found
is unbound.
NOTE: if len(sequence) == 0 then item
is unbound.
The above code is not advisable. Its purpose is to illustrate how local variables work, namely whether "variable" is "defined" could be determined only at runtime in this case. Preferable way:
for item in sequence:
if some_condition(item):
do_something(item)
break
Or
found = False
for item in sequence:
if some_condition(item):
found = True
break
if found:
do_something(item)
Well, if you want to check if a variable is defined or not then why not check if its in the locals() or globals() arrays? Your code rewritten:
for index in sequence:
if 'value' not in globals() and conditionMet:
value = index
break
If it's a local variable you are looking for then replace globals() with locals().
I usually initialize the variable to something that denotes the type like
var = ""
or
var = 0
If it is going to be an object then don't initialize it until you instantiate it:
var = Var()
First of all, my response to the question you've originally asked
Q: How do I discover if a variable is defined at a point in my code?
A: Read up in the source file until you see a line where that variable is defined.
But further, you've given a code example that there are various permutations of that are quite pythonic. You're after a way to scan a sequence for elements that match a condition, so here are some solutions:
def findFirstMatch(sequence):
for value in sequence:
if matchCondition(value):
return value
raise LookupError("Could not find match in sequence")
Clearly in this example you could replace the raise
with a return None
depending on what you wanted to achieve.
If you wanted everything that matched the condition you could do this:
def findAllMatches(sequence):
matches = []
for value in sequence:
if matchCondition(value):
matches.append(value)
return matches
There is another way of doing this with yield
that I won't bother showing you, because it's quite complicated in the way that it works.
Further, there is a one line way of achieving this:
all_matches = [value for value in sequence if matchCondition(value)]
If I'm understanding your example right, you don't need to refer to 'value' in the if statement anyway. You're breaking out of the loop as soon as it could be set to anything.
value = None
for index in sequence:
doSomethingHere
if conditionMet:
value = index
break
You look like you're trying to write C in Python. If you want to find something in a sequence, Python has builtin functions to do that, like
value = sequence.index(blarg)
It is a good question and unfortunately bad answers as var = None
is already assigning a value, and if your script runs multiple times it is overwritten with None
every time.
It is not the same as defining without assignment. I am still trying to figure out how to bypass this issue.
If None
is a valid data value then you need to the variable another way. You could use:
var = object()
This sentinel is suggested by Nick Coghlan.
Is it possible to declare a variable in Python (var=None):
def decl_var(var=None):
if var is None:
var = []
var.append(1)
return var
I know it's coming late but with python3, you can declare an uninitialized value by using
uninitialized_value:str
# some code logic
uninitialized_value = "Value"
But be very careful with this trick tho, because
uninitialized_value:str
# some code logic
# WILL NOT WORK
uninitialized_value += "Extra value\n"
var_str = str()
var_int = int()
You can trick an interpreter with this ugly oneliner if None: var = None
It do nothing else but adding a variable var
to local variable dictionary, not initializing it. Interpreter will throw the UnboundLocalError exception if you try to use this variable in a function afterwards. This would works for very ancient python versions too. Not simple, nor beautiful, but don't expect much from python.
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