Why is React's concept of Virtual DOM said to be more performant than dirty model checking?

I'm the primary author of a virtual-dom module, so I might be able to answer your questions. There are in fact 2 problems that need to be solved here

When do I re-render? Answer: When I observe that the data is dirty. How do I re-render efficiently? Answer: Using a virtual DOM to generate a real DOM patch

In React, each of your components have a state. This state is like an observable you might find in knockout or other MVVM style libraries. Essentially, React knows when to re-render the scene because it is able to observe when this data changes. Dirty checking is slower than observables because you must poll the data at a regular interval and check all of the values in the data structure recursively. By comparison, setting a value on the state will signal to a listener that some state has changed, so React can simply listen for change events on the state and queue up re-rendering.

The virtual DOM is used for efficient re-rendering of the DOM. This isn't really related to dirty checking your data. You could re-render using a virtual DOM with or without dirty checking. You're right in that there is some overhead in computing the diff between two virtual trees, but the virtual DOM diff is about understanding what needs updating in the DOM and not whether or not your data has changed. In fact, the diff algorithm is a dirty checker itself but it is used to see if the DOM is dirty instead.

We aim to re-render the virtual tree only when the state changes. So using an observable to check if the state has changed is an efficient way to prevent unnecessary re-renders, which would cause lots of unnecessary tree diffs. If nothing has changed, we do nothing.

A virtual DOM is nice because it lets us write our code as if we were re-rendering the entire scene. Behind the scenes we want to compute a patch operation that updates the DOM to look how we expect. So while the virtual DOM diff/patch algorithm is probably not the optimal solution, it gives us a very nice way to express our applications. We just declare exactly what we want and React/virtual-dom will work out how to make your scene look like this. We don't have to do manual DOM manipulation or get confused about previous DOM state. We don't have to re-render the entire scene either, which could be much less efficient than patching it.

I recently read a detailed article about React's diff algorithm here: http://calendar.perfplanet.com/2013/diff/. From what I understand, what makes React fast is:

Batched DOM read/write operations.

Efficient update of sub-tree only.

Compared to dirty-check, the key differences IMO are:

Model dirty-checking: React component is explicitly set as dirty whenever setState is called, so there's no comparison (of the data) needed here. For dirty-checking, the comparison (of the models) always happen each digest loop. DOM updating: DOM operations are very expensive because modifying the DOM will also apply and calculate CSS styles, layouts. The saved time from unnecessary DOM modification can be longer than the time spent diffing the virtual DOM.

The second point is even more important for non-trivial models such as one with huge amount of fields or large list. One field change of complex model will result in only the operations needed for DOM elements involving that field, instead of the whole view/template.

I really like the potential power of the Virtual DOM (especially server-side rendering) but I would like to know all the pros and cons. -- OP

React is not the only DOM manipulation library. I encourage you to understand the alternatives by reading this article from Auth0 that includes detailed explanation and benchmarks. I'll highlight here their pros and cons, as you asked:

React.js' Virtual DOM PROS Fast and efficient "diffing" algorithm Multiple frontends (JSX, hyperscript) Lightweight enough to run on mobile devices Lots of traction and mindshare Can be used without React (i.e. as an independent engine) CONS Full in-memory copy of the DOM (higher memory use) No differentiation between static and dynamic elements Ember.js' Glimmer PROS Fast and efficient diffing algorithm Differentiation between static and dynamic elements 100% compatible with Ember's API (you get the benefits without major updates to your existing code) Lightweight in-memory representation of the DOM CONS Meant to be used only in Ember Only one frontend available Incremental DOM PROS Reduced memory usage Simple API Easily integrates with many frontends and frameworks (meant as a template engine backend from the beginning) CONS Not as fast as other libraries (this is arguable, see the benchmarks below) Less mindshare and community use

Here's a comment by React team member Sebastian Markbåge which sheds some light:

React does the diffing on the output (which is a known serializable format, DOM attributes). This means that the source data can be of any format. It can be immutable data structures and state inside of closures. The Angular model doesn't preserve referential transparency and therefore is inherently mutable. You mutate the existing model to track changes. What if your data source is immutable data or a new data structure every time (such as a JSON response)? Dirty checking and Object.observe does not work on closure scope state. These two things are very limiting to functional patterns obviously. Additionally, when your model complexity grows, it becomes increasingly expensive to do dirty tracking. However, if you only do diffing on the visual tree, like React, then it doesn't grow as much since the amount of data you're able to show on the screen at any given point is limited by UIs. Pete's link above covers more of the perf benefits.

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6937668

In React, each of your components have a state. This state is like an observable you might find in knockout or other MVVM style libraries. Essentially, React knows when to re-render the scene because it is able to observe when this data changes. Dirty checking is slower than observables because you must poll the data at a regular interval and check all of the values in the data structure recursively. By comparison, setting a value on the state will signal to a listener that some state has changed, so React can simply listen for change events on the state and queue up re-rendering.The virtual DOM is used for efficient re-rendering of the DOM. This isn't really related to dirty checking your data. You could re-render using a virtual DOM with or without dirty checking. You're right in that there is some overhead in computing the diff between two virtual trees, but the virtual DOM diff is about understanding what needs updating in the DOM and not whether or not your data has changed. In fact, the diff algorithm is a dirty checker itself but it is used to see if the DOM is dirty instead.

We aim to re-render the virtual tree only when the state changes. So using an observable to check if the state has changed is an efficient way to prevent unnecessary re-renders, which would cause lots of unnecessary tree diffs. If nothing has changed, we do nothing.

Virtual Dom is not invented by react. It is part of HTML dom. It is lightweight and detached from the browser-specific implementation details.

We can think virtual DOM as React’s local and simplified copy of the HTML DOM. It allows React to do its computations within this abstract world and skip the “real” DOM operations, often slow and browser-specific. Actually there is no big differenc between DOM and VIRTUAL DOM.

Below are the points why Virtual Dom is used (source Virtual DOM in ReactJS):

When you do: document.getElementById('elementId').innerHTML = "New Value" Following thing happens: Browser needs to parse the HTML It removes the child element of elementId Updates the DOM value with new value Re-calculate the css for the parent and child Update the layout i.e. each elements exact co-ordinates on the screen Traverse the render tree and paint it on the browser display Recalculating the CSS and changed layouts uses complex algorithm and they effect the performance.

As well as updating the DOM properties ie. values. It follows a algorithm.

Now, suppose if you update DOM 10 times directly, then all the above steps will run one by one and updating DOM algorithms will take time to updates DOM values.

This, is why Real DOM is slower than virtual DOM.